First record of quagga mussel, Dreissena bugensis Andrusov, 1897, in Italy: morphological and genetic evidence in Lake Garda

Here, we report the first record of quagga mussel, Dreissena bugensis Andrusov, 1897, in Italy. This mollusc is native of the Dnieper River drainage of Ukraine and is one of the most aggressive invaders in freshwater ecosystems. The spread of quagga mussels throughout Europe and Northern America begun during the 1940s and 1989, respectively. Individuals of quagga mussel were identified in February and March 2022 in two stations located in the shallow (Bardolino) and deeper basins (Castelletto di Brenzone) of Lake Garda. Samples, collected with an Eckman grab, allowed identifying individuals of quagga mussel attached on macrophytes, stones and other mollusc shells. The identification of the individuals was carried out both through the analysis of morphological characters and genetic and phylogenetic analyses using the mitochondrial COI gene. The discovery of quagga mussel is the last of a long series of reports of non-indigenous species introduced into Lake Garda. Lacking direct connection by rivers or canals with other waterbodies colonized by D. bugensis at the northern side of the Alps, a more probable cause of introduction of this new species into Lake Garda can be due to unintentional overland transport through recreational boats and fishing gear. With this new discovery, Lake Garda has confirmed its pivotal role as a southern Alpine corridor for the introduction of non-indigenous species previously established at the northern border of the Alps. Considering its high colonization rate and compared with other invasion patterns observed in Europe and North America, it can be assumed that D. bugensis will soon establish itself with dominant populations throughout Lake Garda. At the same time, it can also be assumed that it will soon spread to other Italian water bodies