Natal origins and timing of migration of two passerine species through the southern Alps: Inferences from multiple stable isotopes (δ2H, δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) and ringing data

Understanding spatial linkages between areas used by migratory animals during the annual cycle is fundamental to their conservation. Stable isotope measurements of animal tissues can be a valuable tool in understanding spatial connectivity and migration phenology of migratory wildlife. We inferred natal origins of two migratory passerines, European Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca and European Robin Erithacus rubecula, captured during autumn migration in the Italian Alps by combining feather δ2H (δ2Hf) and ring recovery data. We used a spatially -explicit likelihood -based method to assign individuals to a precipitation δ2H surface calibrated to represent feather δ2H, together with the directional probability of origin from ring recoveries. The highest probabilities of origin for most individuals of both species were in central and north -eastern Europe. Seasonal trends in δ2Hf, which described the species’ migratory phenology through the Italian Alps , were correlated with feather δ13C, δ15N and δ34S values, indicating strong spatial discrimination related to continental patterns for these isotopes. We demonstrate how this combined information can define catchment areas and migratory connectivity of birds intercepted in the Alps. We highlight the importance of ringing data in defining directional priors to define Bayesian -based probability surfaces using continental δ2Hf isoscapes, and how such information can be used to inform estimates of migratory connectivity