Agri-food traceability today: advancing innovation towards efficiency, sustainability, ethical sourcing, and safety in food supply chains

Background The increasing globalization and complexity of agri-food supply chains have heightened the demand for transparency, safety, and traceability in food systems. The integrity, authenticity, and safety of food products are critical, and the implementation of specific and reliable protocols for tracing and tracking is becoming the priority in food industry. Food supply chains often lack efficiency and consumers are becoming more conscious of the origin and quality of the foods they purchase, demanding more accurate systems for data delivery. In this light a straightforward understanding of agri-food supply chain traceability has become necessary. Scope and approach This review provides a roadmap for food traceability systems from legal requirements, to technological and analytical perspectives. The review explores key concepts such as tracking and tracing, outlines international regulatory frameworks, and introduces a novel taxonomy that classifies traceability systems by technological maturity and data granularity. Particular focus is given to innovative analytical technologies, such as proteomics, metabolomics/volatilomics, genomics, stable isotope and elemental profiling, as well as emerging digital technologies including AI and AsI, blockchain, IoT and FCM. Case studies for wine, garlic, and coffee traceability, demonstrate the application of these tools in real-world industrial and local scenarios. Key findings and conclusion By integrating regulatory insights with innovative technologies, the review highlights best practices and strategic directions for boosting efficiency for end-to-end traceability. The review addresses innovative technologies for advanced food supply chains and underscores the role of traceability systems in building consumer trust, supporting public health, and advancing sustainable food production