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The emergence of alternative stable states in forest systems has significant implications for the functioning and structure of the terrestrial biosphere, yet empirical evidence remains scarce. Here, we combine global forest biodiversity observations and simulations to test for alternative stable states in the presence of evergreen and deciduous forest types. We reveal a bimodal distribution of forest leaf types across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere that cannot be explained by the environment alone, suggesting signatures of alternative forest states. Moreover, we empirically demonstrate the existence of positive feedbacks in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, with trees having 4-43% higher growth rates, 14-17% higher survival rates and 4-7 times higher recruitment rates when they are surrounded by trees of their own leaf type. Simulations show that the observed positive feedbacks are necessary and sufficient to generate alternative forest states, which also lead to dependency on history (hysteresis) during ecosystem transition from evergreen to deciduous forests and vice versa. We identify hotspots of bistable forest types in evergreen-deciduous ecotones, which are likely driven by soil-related positive feedbacks. These findings are integral to predicting the distribution of forest biomes, and aid to our understanding of biodiversity, carbon turnover, and terrestrial climate feedbacks
Positive feedbacks and alternative stable states in forest leaf types
Zou, Yibiao
;Zohner, Constantin M.;Averill, Colin;Ma, Haozhi;Merder, Julian;Berdugo, Miguel;Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia;Mo, Lidong;Brun, Philipp;Zimmermann, Niklaus E.;Liang, Jingjing;de-Miguel, Sergio;Nabuurs, Gert-Jan;Reich, Peter B.;Niinements, Ulo;Dahlgren, Jonas;Kändler, Gerald;Ratcliffe, Sophia;Ruiz-Benito, Paloma;de Zavala, Miguel Angel;Abegg, Meinrad;Adou Yao, Yves C.;Alberti, Giorgio;Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M.;Alvarado, Braulio Vilchez;Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban;Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia;Alves, Luciana F.;Ammer, Christian;Antón-Fernández, Clara;Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro;Arroyo, Luzmila;Avitabile, Valerio;Aymard, Gerardo A.;Baker, Timothy R.;Bałazy, Radomir;Banki, Olaf;Barroso, Jorcely G.;Bastian, Meredith L.;Bastin, Jean-Francois;Birigazzi, Luca;Birnbaum, Philippe;Bitariho, Robert;Boeckx, Pascal;Bongers, Frans;Bouriaud, Olivier;Brancalion, Pedro H. S.;Brandl, Susanne;Brearley, Francis Q.;Brienen, Roel;Broadbent, Eben N.;Bruelheide, Helge;Bussotti, Filippo;Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla;César, Ricardo G.;Cesljar, Goran;Chazdon, Robin;Chen, Han Y. H.;Chisholm, Chelsea;Cho, Hyunkook;Cienciala, Emil;Clark, Connie;Clark, David;Colletta, Gabriel D.;Coomes, David A.;Valverde, Fernando Cornejo;Corral-Rivas, José J.;Crim, Philip M.;Cumming, Jonathan R.;Dayanandan, Selvadurai;de Gasper, André L.;Decuyper, Mathieu;Derroire, Géraldine;DeVries, Ben;Djordjevic, Ilija;Dolezal, Jiri;Dourdain, Aurélie;Obiang, Nestor Laurier Engone;Enquist, Brian J.;Eyre, Teresa J.;Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain;Fayle, Tom M.;Feldpausch, Ted R.;Ferreira, Leandro V.;Finér, Leena;Fischer, Markus;Fletcher, Christine;Fridman, Jonas;Frizzera, Lorenzo;Gamarra, Javier G. P.;Gianelle, Damiano;Glick, Henry B.;Harris, David J.;Hector, Andrew;Hemp, Andreas;Hengeveld, Geerten;Hérault, Bruno;Herbohn, John L.;Herold, Martin;Hillers, Annika;Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N.;Hui, Cang;Ibanez, Thomas;Iêda, Amaral;Imai, Nobuo;Jagodziński, Andrzej M.;Jaroszewicz, Bogdan;Johannsen, Vivian Kvist;Joly, Carlos A.;Jucker, Tommaso;Jung, Ilbin;Karminov, Viktor;Kartawinata, Kuswata;Kearsley, Elizabeth;Kenfack, David;Kennard, Deborah K.;Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian;Keppel, Gunnar;Khan, Mohammed Latif;Killeen, Timothy J.;Kim, Hyun Seok;Kitayama, Kanehiro;Köhl, Michael;Korjus, Henn;Kraxner, Florian;Laarmann, Diana;Lang, Mait;Lewis, Simon L.;Lu, Huicui;Lukina, Natalia V.;Maitner, Brian S.;Malhi, Yadvinder;Marcon, Eric;Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes;Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur;Marshall, Andrew R.;Martin, Emanuel H.;Kucher, Dmitry;Meave, Jorge A.;Melo-Cruz, Omar;Mendoza, Casimiro;Merow, Cory;Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo;Moreno, Vanessa S.;Mukul, Sharif A.;Mundhenk, Philip;Nava-Miranda, María Guadalupe;Neill, David;Neldner, Victor J.;Nevenic, Radovan V.;Ngugi, Michael R.;Niklaus, Pascal A.;Oleksyn, Jacek;Ontikov, Petr;Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar;Pan, Yude;Paquette, Alain;Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander;Parfenova, Elena I.;Park, Minjee;Parren, Marc;Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy;Peri, Pablo L.;Pfautsch, Sebastian;Phillips, Oliver L.;Picard, Nicolas;Piedade, Maria Teresa T. F.;Piotto, Daniel;Pitman, Nigel C. A.;Polo, Irina;Poorter, Lourens;Poulsen, Axel D.;Poulsen, John R.;Pretzsch, Hans;Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez;Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda;Rodeghiero, Mirco;Rolim, Samir G.;Roopsind, Anand;Rovero, Francesco;Rutishauser, Ervan;Saikia, Purabi;Salas-Eljatib, Christian;Saner, Philippe;Schall, Peter;Schelhaas, Mart-Jan;Schepaschenko, Dmitry;Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael;Schmid, Bernhard;Schöngart, Jochen;Searle, Eric B.;Seben, Vladimír;Serra-Diaz, Josep M.;Sheil, Douglas;Shvidenko, Anatoly Z.;Silva-Espejo, Javier E.;Silveira, Marcos;Singh, James;Sist, Plinio;Slik, Ferry;Sonké, Bonaventure;Souza, Alexandre F.;Miscicki, Stanislaw;Stereńczak, Krzysztof J.;Svenning, Jens-Christian;Svoboda, Miroslav;Swanepoel, Ben;Targhetta, Natalia;Tchebakova, Nadja;ter Steege, Hans;Thomas, Raquel;Tikhonova, Elena;Umunay, Peter M.;Usoltsev, Vladimir A.;Valencia, Renato;Valladares, Fernando;van der Plas, Fons;Van Do, Tran;van Nuland, Michael E.;Vasquez, Rodolfo M.;Verbeeck, Hans;Viana, Helder;Vibrans, Alexander C.;Vieira, Simone;von Gadow, Klaus;Wang, Hua-Feng;Watson, James V.;Werner, Gijsbert D. A.;Westerlund, Bertil;Wiser, Susan K.;Wittmann, Florian;Woell, Hannsjoerg;Wortel, Verginia;Zagt, Roderik;Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Tomasz;Zhang, Chunyu;Zhao, Xiuhai;Zhou, Mo;Zhu, Zhi-Xin;Zo-Bi, Irie C.;Crowther, Thomas W.
2024-05-31
Abstract
The emergence of alternative stable states in forest systems has significant implications for the functioning and structure of the terrestrial biosphere, yet empirical evidence remains scarce. Here, we combine global forest biodiversity observations and simulations to test for alternative stable states in the presence of evergreen and deciduous forest types. We reveal a bimodal distribution of forest leaf types across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere that cannot be explained by the environment alone, suggesting signatures of alternative forest states. Moreover, we empirically demonstrate the existence of positive feedbacks in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, with trees having 4-43% higher growth rates, 14-17% higher survival rates and 4-7 times higher recruitment rates when they are surrounded by trees of their own leaf type. Simulations show that the observed positive feedbacks are necessary and sufficient to generate alternative forest states, which also lead to dependency on history (hysteresis) during ecosystem transition from evergreen to deciduous forests and vice versa. We identify hotspots of bistable forest types in evergreen-deciduous ecotones, which are likely driven by soil-related positive feedbacks. These findings are integral to predicting the distribution of forest biomes, and aid to our understanding of biodiversity, carbon turnover, and terrestrial climate feedbacks
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10449/88497
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Il report seguente simula gli indicatori relativi alla propria produzione scientifica in relazione alle soglie ASN 2023-2025 del proprio SC/SSD. Si ricorda che il superamento dei valori soglia (almeno 2 su 3) è requisito necessario ma non sufficiente al conseguimento dell'abilitazione. La simulazione si basa sui dati IRIS e sugli indicatori bibliometrici alla data indicata e non tiene conto di eventuali periodi di congedo obbligatorio, che in sede di domanda ASN danno diritto a incrementi percentuali dei valori. La simulazione può differire dall'esito di un’eventuale domanda ASN sia per errori di catalogazione e/o dati mancanti in IRIS, sia per la variabilità dei dati bibliometrici nel tempo. Si consideri che Anvur calcola i valori degli indicatori all'ultima data utile per la presentazione delle domande.
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