A multiple approach to reconstructing the impact of human activities on Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra)

In the face of the current climate crisis and the impact of human activities on the natural ecosystems, it is increasingly essential to develop more accurate management practices based on detailed knowledge of the genetic status, evolutionary history, and ecological parameters of a wild species, to ensure their survival and adaptation to constantly changing environments. To achieve this goal, a multidisciplinary effort is necessary, that is, planning and decision-making processes should consider not only the biological aspects of species or the habitat to be protected, but also the economic and social feasibility of implementing management plans. As a case study, in this thesis, I integrated various techniques, including population genomics of modern and historical DNA, DNA metabarcoding for diet analysis, and an economic approach to decision-making, to the management and conservation of the Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra). In particular, through the comparison of historical samples from the 1900s with modern samples, I studied how previous reintroduction and restocking events between different Alpine areas that occurred starting after World War II, influenced the current structure and genetic variability of this chamois. My results suggest that, while these events may have played a role in enhancing the existing genetic variability, it is crucial to carefully plan management strategies for animal translocation across diverse geographic areas to ensure their long-term success. The effectiveness of such conservation efforts can be enhanced by integrating genetic studies with other aspects of chamois ecology, such as the potential for interspecific competition with wild and domestic species. For this reason, the diet of the Alpine chamois was analyzed in relation to that of two other species that share its habitat: red deer and domestic sheep in three parks in Trentino. The results showed that trophic niche overlap was higher between chamois and red deer compared to that between chamois and domestic sheep, suggesting that coexistence of the two wild species may have a higher impact on chamois conservation than that between wild and domestic species with regard to food resources. Finally, in light of these results, four management alternatives were analyzed, aimed at reducing the aforementioned potential competition, through the use of a Multi-Criteria Decision- Making Analysis (MCDA) and the involvement of various types of stakeholders. Interestingly, the overall analysis identified ‘reducing deer densities through hunting plans’ as the preferred alternative. Furthermore, the socio-cultural dimension was found to be the most influential factor in choosing this option. In conclusion, this thesis shows how a multidisciplinary approach could contribute to a better management of the chamois, considering not only the biological aspects, but also economic and sociocultural values