Native or overlooked translocation? comment on Antognazza et al. Current and historical genetic variability of native brown trout populations in a Southern Alpine ecosystem: implications for future management. Fishes 2023, 8, 411

The recent revision of Italian legislation on nature conservation has highlighted the press- ing necessity of elucidating the native distribution range of managed species. A recent study by Antognazza et al. (Current and Historical Genetic Variability of Native Brown Trout Populations in a Southern Alpine Ecosystem: Implications for Future Management. Fishes 2023, 8, 411) provides insights into the native status of brown trout in the Lombardy Prealps, northern Italy, and advocates urgent conservation measures. However, the possible effect of historical and recent anthropogenic impacts was dismissed in the paper. Here, we present how human-mediated activities plausibly might contribute to the observed distribution of population genetic variation, considering both the available literature and ongoing “Mediterranean trout” stocking activities in the region. Imple- menting management strategies without clear scientific evidence poses significant risks to native biodiversity conservation.