The necessity to adapt to climate change is even stronger for grapevine thanforothercrops,becausegrapeberrycomposition—akeydeterminantoffruitand winequality,typicityandmarketvalue—highlydependson“terroir”(completenatural environment), on vintage (annual climate variability), and on their interactions. In the same time, there is a strong demand to reduce the use of pesticides. Thus, the equation that breeders and grape growers must solve has three entries that cannot be dissociated: adaptation to climate change, reduction of pesticides, and maintenance of wine typicity. Although vineyard management may cope to some extent to the short–medium-term effects of climate change, genetic improvement is necessary to provide long-term sustainable solutions to these problems. Most vineyards over the world are planted using vines that harbor two grafted plants’genomes.Although this makes the range of interactions (scion-atmosphere, rootstock-soil, scion-rootstock) more complex, it also opens up wider possibilities for the genetic improvement of either or both the grafted genotypes. Positive aspects related to grapevine breeding are as follows: (a) a wide genetic diversity of rootstocks and scions that has not been thoroughly explored yet; (b) progress in sequencing technologies that allows high-throughput sequencing of entire genomes, faster mapping of targeted traits and easier determination of genetic relationships;(c)progress in new breeding technologies that potentially permit precise modifications on resident genes; (d) automation of phenotyping that allows faster and more complete monitoring of many traits on relatively large plant populations; (e) functional characterization of an increasing number of genes involved in the control of development, berry metabolism, disease resistance, and adaptation to environment. Difficulties involve:(a) the perennial nature and the large size of the plant that makes field testing long and demanding in manpower; (b) the low efficiency of transformation, regeneration and small size of breeding populations;(c) the complexity of the adaptive traits and the need to define more clearly future ideotypes; (d) the lack of shared and integrative platforms allowing a complete appraisal of the genotype-phenotype-environmental links; (e) legal, market and consumer acceptance of new genotypes. The present chapter provides an overview of suitable strategies and challenges linked to the adaptation of viticulture to a changing environment.
Delrot, S.; Grimplet, J.; Carbonell-Bejerano, P.; Schwandner, A.; Bert, P.F.; Bavaresco, L.; Dalla Costa, L.; Di Gaspero, G.; Duchêne, E.; Hausmann, L.; Malnoy, M.; Morgante, M.; Ollat, N.; Pecile, M.; Vezzulli, S. (2020). Genetic and genomic approaches for adaptation of grapevine to climate change. In: Genomic designing of climate-smart fruit crops (editor(s) Kole, C.): Springer: 157-270. ISBN: 9783319979458 doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-97946-5_7. handle: http://hdl.handle.net/10449/62559
Genetic and genomic approaches for adaptation of grapevine to climate change
Dalla Costa, L.;Malnoy, M.;Vezzulli, S.Ultimo
2020-01-01
Abstract
The necessity to adapt to climate change is even stronger for grapevine thanforothercrops,becausegrapeberrycomposition—akeydeterminantoffruitand winequality,typicityandmarketvalue—highlydependson“terroir”(completenatural environment), on vintage (annual climate variability), and on their interactions. In the same time, there is a strong demand to reduce the use of pesticides. Thus, the equation that breeders and grape growers must solve has three entries that cannot be dissociated: adaptation to climate change, reduction of pesticides, and maintenance of wine typicity. Although vineyard management may cope to some extent to the short–medium-term effects of climate change, genetic improvement is necessary to provide long-term sustainable solutions to these problems. Most vineyards over the world are planted using vines that harbor two grafted plants’genomes.Although this makes the range of interactions (scion-atmosphere, rootstock-soil, scion-rootstock) more complex, it also opens up wider possibilities for the genetic improvement of either or both the grafted genotypes. Positive aspects related to grapevine breeding are as follows: (a) a wide genetic diversity of rootstocks and scions that has not been thoroughly explored yet; (b) progress in sequencing technologies that allows high-throughput sequencing of entire genomes, faster mapping of targeted traits and easier determination of genetic relationships;(c)progress in new breeding technologies that potentially permit precise modifications on resident genes; (d) automation of phenotyping that allows faster and more complete monitoring of many traits on relatively large plant populations; (e) functional characterization of an increasing number of genes involved in the control of development, berry metabolism, disease resistance, and adaptation to environment. Difficulties involve:(a) the perennial nature and the large size of the plant that makes field testing long and demanding in manpower; (b) the low efficiency of transformation, regeneration and small size of breeding populations;(c) the complexity of the adaptive traits and the need to define more clearly future ideotypes; (d) the lack of shared and integrative platforms allowing a complete appraisal of the genotype-phenotype-environmental links; (e) legal, market and consumer acceptance of new genotypes. The present chapter provides an overview of suitable strategies and challenges linked to the adaptation of viticulture to a changing environment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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